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"how has homosexual orientation evolved, given that, on average, homosexual individuals produce fewer children than do heterosexual individuals (this relative fitness relation between homosexuals and heterosexuals is considered an assumption for the purposes of this paper, given that the empirical evidence in the literature from Alfred Kinsey and others is weak)"

sir

do you hear yourself

do you hear yourself

I am not entirely sure if I can review this literature sober. The first thing I tackled was a piece purporting to be a review about proposed mechanisms for the evolution of female homosexuality; it spent three or four paragraphs explaining the possibility that bisexuality in women evolved for the purpose of attracting and interesting heterosexual men.

I cannot even.

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Yikes D:

Yikes is about the size of it.

What in the everloving fuck is in this paper???

I haven't even read it and I want to dump a bucket of rainbow glitter on whoever allowed this drek to be published.

The ironic thing is that I'm genuinely unsure which of several papers in my Zotero this was, back in September. I think it's probably J. Kirby, “A New Group-Selection Model for the Evolution of Homosexuality,” which was written in 2003.

It is very problematic, let us say, from a variety of both evolutionary and anthropological perspectives.

"lack of dependency on an inefficient altruism relation"

...wow. Just. Wow. This isn't even my field of study and I legitimately want to scream *from reading the abstract*. I am so sorry you had to suffer through this.

...please tell me this hails from at least a few decades ago?

2003! So not too recent, but then the same assumption still pervades the human evolution of homosexuality perspective (and much of the literature on nonhuman same-sex sexual behavior, which is what I was actually reading to inform at the time).

On the other hand, here's a line from Apostolou and Christensen, 2018, which kicked off a lot of (deserved) annoyance earlier this year in The evolution of same-sex attraction: Exploring women's willingness to have sex with other women in order to satisfy their partners:

About one in five women experience attractions toward other women (Calzo, Masyn, Austin, Jun, & Corliss, 2017; Dickson, Paul, & Herbison, 2003; LeVay, 2010; Savin-Williams, Joyner, & Rieger, 2012). Such attractions constitute an evolutionary puzzle because they appear to impair reproduction.

Or this quote from Burri, Spector and Rahman in 2015:

Homosexuality in both sexes appears persistent in spite of its reduced fitness differentials relative to heterosexuality in both Western samples and one non‐Western one 5, 6, 7, 8.

Incidentally, I have looked at those sources, and they date from 1978, 1981, 1995 and 2014 respectively--and the recent 2014 one is the Samoan paper (warning in it for pleeeenty of misgendering: I can't quite tell what the actual respectful form of address for the community under discussion is but I am very sure it ain't this). It's specifically studying fa’afafine Samoans who appear to identify on a transfeminine spectrum vis-a-vis a sample of what we would probably call cis straight men who are "exclusively gynephiliac."

The 1995 paper makes no comparison of relative rates of fecundity between its queer female samples and matched heterosexual controls; it doesn't even appear to have measured fecundity in any real way and used convenience sampling.

The oldest two sources, both by Bell and Weinberg, are books, not direct primary sources, and I can't be arsed to haul myself down to the PCL stacks to verify what they do and do not say about whether the queers actually incur any reproductive cost just now. But given the time at which they are writing... I'm skeptical.

...yikes.

And I thought we got over the "only direct personal reproduction is a factor in selection pressure" thing.... idk how long ago, but long enough ago for me to have learned about it as a non-biologist. :|a

Oh, they went there first, actually; in fact, the paper I was initially quoting is a group selectionist argument for homosexuality being beneficial. He just hasn't gotten there yet in those few sentences.

No, the thing I have the grouchy irritation about is the assumption that homosexuality is inherently evolutionarily costly and so has to be explained. Humans have a whole lot of sex for a whole lot of reasons, some of which are not under any individual person's exact control (women especially here), and having sex with reproductively incompatible people does not preclude the possibility of at least occasionally having sex with compatible ones. So much of human survival rests on what happens after the sprog gets born that I just... don't see preferences as being all that evolutionarily visible, not when there are so many things potentially hindering human reproduction.

That being said, there are a lot of weird adaptationist arguments for why homosexuality out there, some of which have been more or less debunked and some which are under active study and academic fighting.

source source source source source!! I kind of want the bibliography of whatever you're trawling for, despite the probable blood pressure effect.

And to be clear, the "weak empirical evidence" here that...gay people exist? Or? What's up?!

Ah, no! The weak empirical evidence here is that "homosexual individuals have fewer children than heterosexual individuals," i.e. that there is a substantial (or any) biological fitness cost to being queer.

I am incredibly skeptical of the idea that there's much cost one way or another, especially since human social bonds and rearing success are so very reliant on a lot of things beyond whether or not you had sex by inserting tab A into slot B, and because so little of human reproductive effort is expended in actually getting dicks wet.

... Wow. Just. Wow.

mmmmmmhm

"how did [thing] evolve? (btw we assume we know already)"

dude, your science is bad and you should feel bad.

I KNOW *angry flailing*

the point of this review was for a piece I'm working on with a few queer EEB twitter friends arguing that actually it's more parsimonious to assume that the costs to same-sex-directed sexual behavior are few and far between and "bisexuality" is a more likely null state for animal sexuality than strict heterosexuality please and thank you. So far we're getting a more than slightly enraging mixture of "not worth publishing, this is obvious" and "but that can't possibly be true!"

Nrghglh. This sort of thing is why I took one look at the field of human sexuality, did a sharp about-face, and marched quickly in the direction of animal evolution.

I... hate biologist approaches to queerness... so much...

I know it's entrenched on human curiosity, so it exists because a frick ton of people are and will be interested in knowing if there is a biological explanation for queerness of any kind. I just... cannot even.

In the end, could you even?

Honestly? No, I read about six papers, got frustrated, drafted the point I was trying to make, and then we cut it from the manuscript almost entirely anyway because we felt it was a distraction from the point about animal sexual behavior and evolutionary biology that we're collectively trying to accomplish with this particular manuscript and we were pretty sure that the field was going to be fighty enough about it.

I can certainly write up a discussion of what I happen to think is probably going on--mind you, I tend to be a neutralist, so it's not necessarily a satisfying explanation--but a scholarly one that would be satisfying to me is something I think would take up a whole lot of time and effort and, y'know, trying to graduate so I can move my career in an interesting new direction.

Edited 2018-12-22 17:23 (UTC)

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